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nginx配置的问题记录

roderick roderick 收录于 questions
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当域名没有规则匹配的时候，nginx的处理过程让我迷惑。

rt，当域名没有规则匹配的时候，nginx的处理过程让我感到迷惑。

问题复现

问题描述

事情是这样的。

好些天前，为了在公网服务器上搭建一个chatgpt的web版本服务，我申请了子域名chatgpt.roderickchan.cn，配置好了DNS解析规则并申请了对应的ssl证书。

我之前的nginx配置是这样的：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf为主要的配置文件，设置一些公共的参数、规则等，/etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf*会存放不同的域名的规则。 我的/etc/nginx/nginx.conf内容如下：

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user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 1024;

events {
    use epoll;
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    charset utf-8;
    autoindex off;
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;

    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    server_names_hash_max_size 1024;
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 512;
    client_header_buffer_size 16k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
    map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
        default upgrade;
        ''      close;
    }
    log_format main
        '[$time_iso8601] $http_x_forwarded_for $remote_addr '
        '$request_method $scheme://$host$request_uri $status '
        '$http_user_agent';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    gzip off;
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

}

再正常不过的配置。

每当我申请了xxx.roderickchan.cn域名的时候，就会在/etc/nginx/conf.d目录下新增xxx.roderickchan.cn.conf文件，文件填入的内容如下：

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upstream xxxxx {
	ip_hash;
    server 127.0.0.1:12345;
    server 127.0.0.1:12346;
    server 127.0.0.1:12347;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
    server_name xxxxx.roderickchan.cn;
    return 301 https://xxxxx.roderickchan.cn$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
    server_name xxxxx.roderickchan.cn;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
    ssl_session_tickets off;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security
        "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
        always;
    ssl_certificate /home/xxxx.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /home/xxxxx.key;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://xxxxx;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;

    }
}

该配置文件主要干了以下几件事：

  • 配置了负载均衡策略
  • 设置了http强制跳转https
  • 设置了https的相关参数

服务搭建好后，使用了一段时间没啥问题。直到今天，我临时把服务取消了，并把文件xxx.roderickchan.cn.conf修改为了xxx.roderickchan.cn.conf.notuse，以为这样就访问不到子域名，也访问不到服务了。

然后，当我用浏览器访问http://xxx.roderickchan.cn的时候，发现被跳转到了https://yyy.roderickchan.cn（我的另一个子域名），并且提示了证书不匹配的错误。证书不匹配很好理解，因为https://yyy.roderickchan.cn提供的证书是为yyy.roderickchan.cn签发的，而我访问的是xxx.roderickchan.cn。

发现问题后，我一拍脑袋，直接让所有域名的http都跳转到https不就行了，这样访问https肯定会失败。

尝试解决

于是，我立马对/etc/nginx/nginx.conf进行了修改，修改后的conf文件为：

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# ......
http {
    # ....
	server {
	    listen 80;
	    listen [::]:80;
	    server_name _;
	    return 301 https://$host/$request_uri;
    }
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

在80端口上，为所有没有匹配到的域名设置了强制跳转https。

我以为接下来访问http://xxx.roderickchan.cn的流程会像这样：

  1. 访问http://xxx.roderickchan.cn
  2. 重定向到https://xxx.roderickchan.cn
  3. 找不到http://xxx.roderickchan.cn的ssl证书
  4. 访问失败

用curl测试了一下，发现真的会失败：

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$ curl -L -v -i http://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
*   Trying 120.25.122.195:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to chatgpt.roderickchan.cn (120.25.122.195) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
< Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
< Date: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 09:12:30 GMT
Date: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 09:12:30 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
Content-Type: text/html
< Content-Length: 178
Content-Length: 178
< Connection: keep-alive
Connection: keep-alive
< Location: https://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn/
Location: https://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn/

<
* Ignoring the response-body
* Connection #0 to host chatgpt.roderickchan.cn left intact
* Clear auth, redirects to port from 80 to 443Issue another request to this URL: 'https://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn/'
*   Trying 120.25.122.195:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to chatgpt.roderickchan.cn (120.25.122.195) port 443 (#1)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
*  subject: CN=download.roderickchan.cn
*  start date: Nov 12 00:00:00 2022 GMT
*  expire date: Nov 12 23:59:59 2023 GMT
*  subjectAltName does not match chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
* SSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches target host name 'chatgpt.roderickchan.cn'
* Closing connection 1
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS alert, close notify (256):
curl: (60) SSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches target host name 'chatgpt.roderickchan.cn'
More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html

curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.

But，失败的错误是no alternative certificate subject name matches target host name ，服务器给我的证书的域名仍然是download.roderickchan.cn，这就离离原上谱了。

问题定位

那么问题来了，我都没有为nginx配置xxx.roderickchan.cn这个子域名的处理规则，为啥浏览器访问会跳转到https://yyy.roderickchan.cn。 怀着这样的疑惑，我在互联网上搜索了好一阵。直到在stackoverflow上找到这么一个问题：Why is nginx responding to any domain name? - Stack Overflow

这个问题，不正是我的问题么！

根据这个问题下面的回答，我找到了官方文档：How nginx processes a request。看到了这一段：

https://image.roderickchan.cn/img/2023-04-01_182248.png

到这里，我终于暂时破案了。

由于我没有指定default_server，那么我的yyy.roderickchan.cn.conf（按字母排序是第一个）中的第一个server会被当做为default_server，所以我的请求链是这样的： http://xxx.roderickchan.cn —> nginx没有找到xxx.roderickchan.cn处理规则，寻找default_server —> nginx没有找到显式定义的default_server —> nginx根据加载的server顺序跳转到http://yyy.roderickchan.cn —> 被重定向到https://yyy.roderickchan.cn。

至此，我终于搞明白了为啥访问http://xxx.roderickchan.cn会被重定向到https://yyy.roderickchan.cn。

只需要定义好default_server就能把所有的没有匹配到的域名给处理了。

说干就干~

解决方案

解决方案1

很快啊，我就写好了匹配规则，修改后的配置文件为：

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# ......
http {
    # ....
	server {
	    listen 80 default_server;
	    listen [::]:80 default_server;
	    listen 443 ssl default_server;
	    listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
	    server_name _;
	    ssl_certificate /home/xxx/www.roderickchan.cn.pem;
	    ssl_certificate_key /home/xxx/www.roderickchan.cn.key;
	    return 403;
    }
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

设置了default_server，直接用了www.roderickchan.cn的证书。心想这次没问题，用curl测试一下，没想到又一次离谱了起来。 测试访问http://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn

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$ curl -L -v -i http://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
*   Trying 120.25.122.195:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to chatgpt.roderickchan.cn (120.25.122.195) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
< Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
< Date: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 10:53:19 GMT
Date: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 10:53:19 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Content-Length: 162
Content-Length: 162
< Connection: keep-alive
Connection: keep-alive

<
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)</center>
</body>
</html>
* Connection #0 to host chatgpt.roderickchan.cn left intact

确实给出了403的错误，没有问题。继续测试https访问：

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$ curl -L -v -i https://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
*   Trying 120.25.122.195:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to chatgpt.roderickchan.cn (120.25.122.195) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server key exchange (12):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server finished (14):
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client key exchange (16):
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
*  subject: CN=www.roderickchan.cn
*  start date: Sep 27 00:00:00 2022 GMT
*  expire date: Sep 27 23:59:59 2023 GMT
*  subjectAltName does not match chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
* SSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches target host name 'chatgpt.roderickchan.cn'
* Closing connection 0
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS alert, close notify (256):
curl: (60) SSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches target host name 'chatgpt.roderickchan.cn'
More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html

curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.

又找到subject: CN=www.roderickchan.cn去了·····

所以，nginx根据证书，又给重定向到了www.roderickchan.cn，然后，检测到证书与匹配，报错。

那么，给一个非法的域名的签名证书是不是就可以解决了。

解决方案2

采用一个自签名的证书，替换到合法的域名的证书即可。

使用openssl生成自签名证书：

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openssl genrsa -out server.key 4096
openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key server.key -out server.crt -subj "/C=CN/ST=mykey/L=mykey/O=mykey/OU=mykey/CN=domain1/CN=domain2/CN=domain3"

最后会生成server.crt和server.key两个文件，替换掉就好了。

最最最终的配置文件为：

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# ......
http {
    # ....
	server {
	    listen 80 default_server;
	    listen [::]:80 default_server;
	    listen 443 ssl default_server;
	    listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
	    server_name _;
	    ssl_certificate /home/xxx/server.crt;
	    ssl_certificate_key /home/xxx/server.key;
	    return 403;
    }
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

最后用curl测试一下：

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$ curl -L -v -i https://chatgpt.roderickchan.cn
*   Trying 120.25.122.195:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to chatgpt.roderickchan.cn (120.25.122.195) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS alert, unknown CA (560):
* SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate
* Closing connection 0
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate
More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html

curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.

SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate，浏览器上访问也会得到403了。

至此，终于解决了这个问题。

总结

  • nginx处理没有匹配到的域名的时候，会走default_server
  • 如果没有显式指定default_server，会把加载的第一个server当成default_server
  • nginx的加载顺序，根据nginx.conf的规则顺序，然后根据配置文件的ascii排序进行加载
更新于 2023-04-01 
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